- 閱讀理解A
題干：Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallcultures,parentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity'smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother'sobservanceofsocialnorms,usingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensure,suchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremark,toimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.Facedwithincreasingviolenceathome,manyAmericansendorsedSingapore'suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay'spunishmenteffective?Whetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknown,butthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenya,withahistoryoftribalwarfare,facethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforces,includingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caning,fooddeprivation,andwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.Incontrast,theMixtecansofJuxtlahuaca,Mexico,areahighlycohesivecommunity,withlittleinternalconflict,andsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.Theirsocialpatternsappearadaptive,fortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicans,whocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rather,theytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishment,andsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrong,soresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStates,fearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehavior,especiallyinsmallcommunities.Today,evenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrime,especiallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishment,anothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehad,sothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.
題目： According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?（） - A 、Children must be obedient to their parents
- B 、People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves
- C 、People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules
- D 、People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers
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參考答案【正確答案：C】
答案在文章第一段中：各個文化具有的相同點(diǎn)是：父母教育孩子要遠(yuǎn)離危險，并遵循該文化的道德傳統(tǒng)。此外，Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms, using methods ranging from …成人之間也用不同的方式相互監(jiān)督彼此是否遵守社會準(zhǔn)則。這一點(diǎn)符合選項(xiàng)C。
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