- 英譯漢 Primary socialization refers to the training of children during their earliest years, whereas secondary socialization refers to later influences on the development of the child's personality and learning activities, such as his involvement with teachers and with other children at school. Primary socialization is in most societies carried out essentially within the family as part of child rearing. In the modern family, parents take responsibility for raising and teaching their children such basic things as language and correct behavior. Toilet training, teaching children how to eat correctly, and encouraging children to get along with others are all aspects of child rearing. However, it is not only these more mundane aspects of behavior that children learn. Children are also implicitly encouraged to develop the values of the parents and of the society in which they live. In American society, which was Parson's main concern, these values include independence, motivation for achievement, and competition. In other societies, different values, such as cooperation and egalitarianism, may be stressed. Yet the principle behind primary socialization in different societies is the same: the development of social values must be achieved in an environment of love and security, as is found in the ideal family anywhere in the world.
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參考答案 初級社會化指的是兒童早期的訓練，中級社會化關(guān)注的是對兒童人格發(fā)展和學習活動的影響，比如說他們在學校和老師，同學的交往。初始社會化在大多數(shù)社會中是通過家庭扶養(yǎng)完成的。在現(xiàn)代家庭中，父母扶養(yǎng)和教育子女一些最基礎(chǔ)的東西，比如語言，正確的行為。扶養(yǎng)子女包括教孩子用廁所，正確地吃東西，鼓勵孩子和別人相處等等。
然而兒童不僅是在這些平凡的事情中學習。他們也潛移默化地學會大人對社會價值的看法。在Parson所關(guān)注的美國社會，這些價值觀包括獨立，進取，和競爭。另外的社會可能會強調(diào)不同的觀念，比如合作，平等。然而，在不同社會，初級社會化背后的準則卻是一樣的：社會價值觀的培養(yǎng)必須在一個充滿愛和安全感的環(huán)境中進行，世界上任何一個完美的家庭都創(chuàng)造了這樣的一種環(huán)境。
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- A 、broad
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