Total, Variable, Fixed, and Marginal Cost and Output：Variable,Fixed,Output:is the summation of all expenses that do not change as the level of production:varies.Total[Practice

Multiplication Rule For Expected Value：Two random variables X and Y are independent:EXY = EXEY

The NPV Rule & The IRR Rule：IRR opportunity cost of capital hurdle:rate:accept,IRR.,[Practice,013

Total, Average, and Marginal Product of Labor：Total,Average,Q:The aggregate sum of production for a firm during a time period. Usually:gathers the following information about the firm’s[PracticeMP = ΔTPΔL = 510 – 3203 – 2 = 1901 = 190.

Imports and Exports：Nettrade deficit.

GDP and GNP：quarter.,Gross,outside of the country.

Elasticity and Total Expenditure：expenditure move in the same direction.curve

Probability：Probability:Random:variable:Objective,Subjective:probability draws on personal or subjective judgment.;Given a probability PE:Loss

Shifts in the AD and AS curves and Equilibriums：A decrease in AD lowers real GDP:contractions are associated with rising inflation and interest rates.

What members and candidates should notice in CFA examinations?：or security of the CFA examinations.（不能惡心CFA），考試不能作弊:考試內容要保密:A. No.:Responsibilities as a CFA Institute Member.right④Case

Why members and candidates must develop and maintain appropriate records?：actions,Cannot usehistoricalrecommendations or research reports created at the previous firm because the supporting documentation is unavailable. （不能使用以前的推薦或者研究報告,因為沒有支持數據）For future use,CFA

What laws,rules, and regulations should be known by members and candidates?：rules，必須遵守直接相關的法律），but this may be advisable in some circumstances and required by law in others. （沒有要求一定要將違法行為報告政府）也會被認為是參與違法行為）