Sampling refers to the process of selecting a representative group of individuals or items from a larger population. In research, sampling is used to gather data and make inferences about the larger population. The goal is to choose a sample that is as representative as possible so that the findings can be generalized to the population as a whole.

There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. This includes methods such as simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, does not involve random selection and may not be representative of the population as a whole. Examples of non-probability sampling include convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling.

Sampling is an important aspect of research design and can impact the validity and reliability of the results. It is important to carefully consider the sampling method and ensure that the sample is representative of the population being studied.