對于不考數(shù)學(xué)的小伙伴來說，英語無疑是研究生入學(xué)考試最難的科目。在備考英語時，除了必要的教材學(xué)習(xí)之外，試題練習(xí)也是非常重要的一步。為了幫助大家備考，幫考網(wǎng)在下面為大家?guī)硌芯可雽W(xué)考試英語科目部分歷年真題，正在備考的小伙伴不妨來看一看。

Read thefollowing text carefully ａｎｄ then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)

It wasonly after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, andbegan to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just howbad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise varioussigns of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people whoeat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely thanthose who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) ；Thereis a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, whentaken up by broadcasters ａｎｄ the lay press, generates both health scares andshort-lived dietary enthusiasms.

Why is somuch bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural ｓｅｌｅｃｔion of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answerthis intriguing ａｎｄ important question. It says that the problem is not merelythat people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancementpositively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication,which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationaryprocess at work: (47) ；nowadays anyone applying fｏｒa research post hasto have published twice the number of papers that would have been required forthe same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count thenumber.

(48) ；Attemptshave been made to curb this tendency, fｏｒexample, by trying to incorporatesome measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. ；This is the famed citation index, thatis to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in thescientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will becited more often than one of small account. (49) ；This would bereasonable if it were not fｏｒthe fact that scientists can easily arrange tocite themselves in their future publications, ｏｒget associates to do so forthem in return fｏｒsimilar favours.

Boilingdown an individual’s output to simple metrics, suchas number of publications ｏｒjournal impacts, entails considerable savings intime, energy ａｎｄ ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simplequantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) ；If we are serious about ensuring that our science is bothmeaningful ａｎｄ reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encouragethat kind of science.

46) 【題干】There is a great deal of this kind ofnonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters ａｎｄ thelay press, generates both health scares ａｎｄ short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

【答案】醫(yī)學(xué)期刊中存在大量由廣播公司和新聞媒體報道的這種無稽之談，這會導(dǎo)致健康恐慌和短暫的飲食狂熱。

47) 【題干】nowadays anyone applying fｏｒa research posthas to have published twice the number of papers that would have been requiredfｏｒthe same post only 10 years ago.

【答案】如今，任何申請研究職位的人都必須發(fā)表兩倍于10年前同一職位所需的論文數(shù)量。

48) 【題干】Attempts have been made to curb this kindtendency to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into theassessment of an applicant’s published papers.

【答案】人們已經(jīng)做出努力來遏制這種傾向，即將一些質(zhì)量和數(shù)量納入申請人發(fā)表的論文的評估當(dāng)中。

49) 【題干】This would be reasonable enough if it werenot fｏｒthe fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in theirfuture publications, ｏｒget associates to do so fｏｒthem in return fｏｒsimilarfavors.

【答案】如果不是因為科學(xué)家們可以很容易地在未來的出版物中引用自己，或者讓同事為他們這樣做以換取類似的好處，這將是合理的。

50)【題干】If we are serious about ensuring that ourscience is both meaningful ａｎｄ reproducible, we must ensure that ourinstitutions incentivize that kind of science.

【答案】如果我們想認(rèn)真確保科學(xué)既有意義又可再生，那么我們必須確保我們的制度可以激勵這種科學(xué)的發(fā)展

以上就是幫考網(wǎng)為大家?guī)淼娜績?nèi)容，各位考生可參閱備考。歷年考試試題僅用于參考，小伙伴們還是要多多練習(xí)其他的試題。最后，幫考網(wǎng)預(yù)祝準(zhǔn)備參加2022年研究生入學(xué)考試的小伙伴都能順利通過。