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There have long been dead zones—water too low in oxygen to sustain most forms of life—in the Gulf of Mexico, which receives the waters of the Mississippi River. Scientists studied sediment cores from areas where the gulf’s most recent dead zone occurred. The scientists dated the sediment and counted species of foraminifera (marine protozoans) in the sediment; these species thrive in low-oxygen waters. As far back as 1823, the foraminifera thrived especially during Mississippi River flood years (during which nutrients levels increase), suggesting that nutrients in floodwaters can trigger low-oxygen water. The foraminifera in the core samples were most abundant after 1950, when farmers began using some fertilizer, which is rich in nutrients. Researchers believe that increased use of fertilizer leads to more-extreme dead zones.

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

A. It reconciles two opposing theories that were discussed earlier in the passage.

B. It suggests what the initial impetus was for the studies mentioned earlier in the passage.

C. It undermines a hypothesis that was presented in the preceding sentence.

D. It describes a problem with the methodology of the studies discussed in the passage.

E. It provides evidence supporting the belief mentioned in the final sentence of the passage.

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “researchers” would agree with which of the following statements about the use of fertilizer?

A. If farmers near the Mississippi River decreased the amount of fertilizer that they used, the severity of the dead zones could be diminished.

B. If farmers near the Mississippi River continue their dependence upon fertilizers, foraminifera population will eventually decline.

C. If farmers near the Mississippi River stopped using fertilizers altogether, there would no longer be dead zones.

1

There have long been dead zones — water too low in oxygen to sustain most forms of life — in the Gulf of Mexico, which receives the waters of the Mississippi River.

一直以來就存在死亡區(qū)域 —— 在密西西比河傾注到墨西哥灣的水體中—— 水中含氧量過低，多數(shù)生命形式都難以存活 。

2

Scientists studied sediment cores from areas where the gulf’s most recent dead zone occurred.

科學(xué)家們研究了來自于墨西哥灣最近出現(xiàn)死區(qū)水域的沉淀核心。

3

The scientists dated the sediment and counted species of foraminifera (marine protozoans) in the sediment; these species thrive in low-oxygen waters.

科學(xué)家們計算出沉淀中的有孔蟲(海洋原生動物)物種數(shù)量;這些物種能在缺氧水體中茁壯成長。

4

As far back as 1823, the foraminifera thrived especially during Mississippi River flood years (during which nutrients levels increase), suggesting that nutrients in floodwaters can trigger low-oxygen water.

從 1823 年(的記錄)開始，特別是密西西比河泛濫的年份(河水?dāng)y帶的養(yǎng)分更多)有孔蟲都會暴增，意味著洪水?dāng)y帶的養(yǎng)分可導(dǎo)致水中氧含量變低。

5

The foraminifera in the core samples were most abundant after 1950, when farmers began using some fertilizer, which is rich in nutrients.

沉淀核心樣品種的有孔蟲自 1950 年后普遍充足，正值農(nóng)民們開始使用某些富含養(yǎng)分的肥料。

6

Researchers believe that increased use of fertilizer leads to more-extreme dead zones.

研究者們認(rèn)為，更多地使用肥料導(dǎo)致死區(qū)問題加劇。

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

A. It reconciles two opposing theories that were discussed earlier in the passage.

B. It suggests what the initial impetus was for the studies mentioned earlier in the passage.

C. It undermines a hypothesis that was presented in the preceding sentence.

D. It describes a problem with the methodology of the studies discussed in the passage.

E. It provides evidence supporting the belief mentioned in the final sentence of the passage.

選 E

作為證據(jù)為最后一句話提供支持。送分題。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “researchers” would agree with which of the following statements about the use of fertilizer?

A. If farmers near the Mississippi River decreased the amount of fertilizer that they used, the severity of the dead zones could be diminished.

B. If farmers near the Mississippi River continue their dependence upon fertilizers, foraminifera population will eventually decline.

C. If farmers near the Mississippi River stopped using fertilizers altogether, there would no longer be dead zones.

選 A

A

正確。根據(jù)最后一句：… increased use of fertilizer leads to more-extreme dead zones. A 是這句話的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。

B

干擾項。從實際情況推測，B 可能是正確的，當(dāng) foraminifera 的繁殖超過河水?dāng)y帶的最大養(yǎng)分供給，耗盡了生存資源，數(shù)量肯定會 decline 。但這層邏輯無法從文中給出的內(nèi)容推出，不滿足題設(shè)要求 inferred from the passage，不選。

C

文段開頭：There have long been dead zones … ;最后一句也說農(nóng)民使用肥料是加劇了 more-extreme 這種現(xiàn)象。有理由懷疑即使沒有人類活動，墨西哥灣里一樣會有 dead zone 。

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